Thursday, May 21, 2020

Bernissartia - Facts and Figures

Name: Bernissartia (from Bernissart, after the region of Belgium where it was discovered); pronounced BURN-iss-ARE-tee-yah Habitat: Swamps and shorelines of western Europe Historical Period: Early Cretaceous (145-140 million years ago) Size and Weight: About two feet long and 5-10 pounds Diet: Fish, shellfish and carrion Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long, pointed snout; two kinds of teeth in jaws About Bernissartia Except for its tiny size (only about two feet long from head to tail and no more than 10 pounds), Bernissartia looked pretty much like a modern crocodile, with its long tail, splayed limbs, elongated snout and powerful jaws. You might think a prehistoric crocodile this petite would have made it a point to stay away from larger reptiles, but Bernissartia appears to have shared the swamps of early Cretaceous western Europe with much bigger dinosaurs (which presumably left it alone in favor of less toothy prey). In fact, a handful of Bernissartia fossils have been discovered in close proximity to a specimen of Iguanodon, one possibility being that they were feasting on the carcass of this dead ornithopod before being drowned in a flash flood. One odd feature of Bernissartia, crocodile-wise, was the two kinds of teeth embedded in its jaws: sharp incisors in front and flat molars in back. This is a clue that Bernissartia may have fed on shellfish (which needed to be ground to bits before swallowing) as well as fish, and, as stated above, may also have subsisted on the carcasses of already-dead sauropods and ornithopods. One likely interpretation of this behavior is that Bernissartia roamed up and down the beaches of its presumed island habitat (during the early Cretaceous period, much of western Europe was submerged under water), eating pretty much anything that happened to wash up on shore.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Insight Of Patients With Schizophrenia And Its...

The insight of patients with schizophrenia and its relationships with other clinical variables has been given much attention in the clinical setting over the last few decades. Since then, some instruments assessing insight have been created in an attempt of better diagnostic mental disorders. The founder of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), Aaron T. Beck is an American psychiatrist who is a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He applied cognitive models of psychosis in explaining patients’ own evaluation of erroneous or unusual experiences. This perspective was termed cognitive insight and is assessed with the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS). The BCIS or Beck Cognitive Insight scale is â€Å"a self-administered instrument, with 15 item and is a self-report instrument with two subscales, 9 self-reflectiveness items and 6 self-certainty items. It is designed to evaluate cognitive processes that involves reevaluating pati ents anomalous experiences and specific misinterpretations and to complement scales that describe the lack of awareness of mental illness and its characteristics† (Martin et al., 2010). The format of the scale is the Linkert format which the individual taken the test indicate the degree of the agreement with a question being asked. In this case there is no wrong answer. Some application would have up to six options to avoid allowing the responder to be neutral. The BCIS has four options, do not agree, agreeShow MoreRelatedCognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis7799 Words   |  32 PagesInterventions for Psychosis Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyondRead MoreSchizophrenia, Culture, And Subjectivity, By Janis Hunter Jenkins And Robert John Barrett1932 Words   |  8 PagesThe text â€Å"Schizophrenia, Culture, and Subjectivity,† edited by Janis Hunter Jenkins and Robert John Barrett is a collection of cross-cultural studies initiated by the World Health Organization with an initiative to explore and analyze the varying dilemmas concerning mental health. The text explores mental illnesses and clinical problems surrounding them, especially schizophrenia. It aims to make note of how schizophrenia treatment varies as influenced by culture. It aids mental health professionalsRead MoreMental Disorders And Violent Behavior2381 Words   |  10 Pagescrimes committed by those with mental illnesses. A major challenge in contemplating the relationship between mental disorders and violent behavior lies within how the two offer large portions of the same danger variables. Offenders with mental health issues have a tendency to participate in more deviant types of criminal acts than those without such issues. This paper is sought to synthesize the relationship among individuals who are mentally ill and why there are criminal acts followed by certainRead MoreThe Different Types Of Mental Illness And Disorders That Are Linked With Violence Essay1801 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent types of mental illness and disorders that are closely linked with violence, as well as the association between individuals diagnosed with a mental health issues and the increased risk of violent offending, while considering the impact of other confounding factors, such as substance abuse, social factors such as homelessness, noncompliance with medication and the stigma and public perception around mental illness and violent offending, and how the social belief that individuals with mentalRead MoreSchizophrenia And The Middle Of Creativity And Psychopathology2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe out-of-dat e issue of genius and madness has incited long standing open and clinical hobby among researchers. In spite of the fact that amiableness has different parts than creativity (e.g., insight) and is established in a social setting, it is hard to envision an uncreative genius. Creativity comprising of both oddities and effect is subsequently key for agreeableness (Cropley, 2010). The thought of a relationship in the middle of creativity and mental sick well-being has mostly been maintainedRead MoreCritique Of A Research Study2122 Words   |  9 Pagesin Recovery from Schizophrenia: A Qualitative Study of Thai Mental Health Nurses†, (Kaewprom, Curtis Deane, 2011). Through qualitative research, the authors of this article aimed to answer the question of what factors are present in the recovery from schizophrenia. In recent years, Thailand has come a long way in how it views mental illnesses. And because of this, the country has taken remarkable steps to provide care for those suffering from mental illness such as schizophrenia To gain a betterRead MoreExistential, Trauma, And Positive Psychology3246 Words   |  13 Pages EXISTENTIAL, TRAUMA, POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY Jose Mora Santana Northwest Christian University This research paper will be a brief insight into trauma and an exploration onto alternative therapies and models of psychology to treat trauma survivors. By using different journals, I will provide information that will give more in depth therapy treatments that have been conducted on individuals that have either suffer from or experienced traumatic events in their lives.Read MoreSurvey Of Cognitive Remediation Practices For Individuals With Schizophreni Implementation And Barriers9236 Words   |  37 Pages Survey of Cognitive Remediation Practices for Individuals with Schizophrenia: Implementation and Barriers Jessica Ryan Cuttance, M.S., CRC Dr. Dara Chan, ScD, CRC Dr. Mark Klinger, PhD University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abstract Cognitive impairment (CI) is observed in the vast majority of individuals with schizophrenia and has long been identified as a principal contributor to functional deficits. To date, pro-cognitive pharmacologic therapies have been largely unsuccessfulRead MoreHow to Write the First Clinical Interview Report3265 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ PSY 531 Clinical Assessment – First Clinical Interview – Application How to Write the First Clinical Interview Report Begà ¼m Zà ¼beyde Åžengà ¼l Middle East Technical University Department of Psychology Clinical Psychology M.S. Program 2012-2013 Fall Semester How to Write the First Clinical Interview Report Communicating Your Findings to Others Somewhere, sometime, as a mental health clinician we might conceivably do an evaluation and provide a complete course of treatmentRead MoreThe Association Between Metacognitive Beliefs And Auditory Hallucinations2802 Words   |  12 PagesThe association between metacognitive beliefs and auditory hallucinations; a literature review of empirical studies with clinical and non-clinical samples Several cognitive theories have been proposed in psychology, yet none of those can fully explain the phenomena of auditory hallucinations. Zimmerman et al. (2005) and Wykes et al. (2008) showed that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) has a moderate effect in treating positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations and delusions) of psychotic disorders

Cognitive Dissonance Free Essays

Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive dissonance is having a thought, idea, attitude, or belief that seems to be out of tune. Cognitive dissonance tends to result in different ways based on the situation that it occurs in. If a person is forced to say an opinion that differs from their own, they experience an out of tune feeling. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Dissonance or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Roger Hock’s book â€Å"Forty Studies that Changed Psychology,† he recognizes the study of cognitive dissonance performed by Leon Festinger. In â€Å"Thoughts Out of Tune,† the article specifically explaining Festinger’s study, Hock goes further into detail. He explains that if we are forced to state an opposed view, while preparing for it, we tend to believe it along with out own. This creates confusing, stress, and dissonance. Festinger’s study explains why and when people may or may not feel cognitive dissonance. Festinger proposed whatever you state publicly, will be a reflection of your personal views. If any person must speak publicly for any reason that goes against their own private belief, they will definitely feel uncomfortable. However, when offered a reward, the comfort levels can change. If someone offers the speaker a large reward, the speaker will feel more comfort in changing their attitude about the ideas or beliefs being said, even when they don’t believe them. If someone offers the speaker a small reward, the speaker will feel more discomfort because they do not feel there was justification in what they are being rewarded and will have more of a negative attitude than those being greater rewarded. Festinger performed his experiment on a control group, group A, and group B. Each group contained twenty participants. Group A was the group given one dollar to perform the experiment. Group B was given twenty dollars to perform the experiment. All group were interviewed after the performing ‘the experiment,’ which was to empty and refill a tray of 12 spools for 30 minutes and to turn 48 square pegs a quarter of a turn clockwise for 30 minutes. This was done in order to bore the participants and create negative feelings about what they had to do. Afterwards they were asked to fabricate their feelings toward the experiment to another group waiting outside. Group A was given one dollar. Group B was given twenty dollars. The control group was given no money and was able to be interviewed after performing the tasks. Group A and group B were told after speaking their opposed opinions that the experiment was fun and exciting, they were able to be interviewed and leave. The interview questioned their true beliefs on how they felt toward ‘the experiment. ’ They were asked to rate the experiments on a scale that offered the questions: whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable, how much the person learned about their ability to perform the tasks given, whether they believed the experiment and tasks were measuring any importance or not, and if they had any desire to participate in another experiment similar to the one performed. In the findings, the control group had extremely negative ratings on the questions asked. Festinger concluded that when demanded to realize the differences among personal views and attitudes, we would tend to feel cognitive dissonance. This can encourage us to bring change to these views or attitudes to enforce them to become harmonious and agreeable with each other. This will continuously create changing attitudes whether they are big or small. The change will depend on the justification for the behavior. Festinger’s conclusions had shown to support his hypothesis. David Matz and Wendy Wood performed an experiment similar to Festinger’s study. Matz and Wood did a study on cognitive dissonance in groups and the consequences of disagreement. In the first of several experiments done, they tested ‘the nature of arousal induced by attitude heterogeneity in groups. ’ This determines if attitude likeness in groups could be related to dissonance. In the study, people were placed into groups. These groups were given one of three possible situations. These situations included what would occur after taking a survey. The groups would either discuss what they decided for a major issue, discuss their decisions and try to come to a consensus, and the last group would not discuss anything about the survey at all. The participants that were educated about the study acted as though they had a particular opinion. After the discussion, the participants, of the decision-making group, filled out a questionnaire about the responses and ease of agreeing for a consensus. The results were that the group having to reach a consensus found it easy and were motivated when the group was able to agree as opposed to when the group disagreed. The participants admitted to feeling anxiety and discomfort when having a disagreement with the group. This relates to Festinger’s study because they both relate to feeling uncomfortable. Although Festinger’s experiment was concentrated on a self and not a group, they both explain how different situations can cause discomfort and negative feelings. Festinger explains how someone not expressing their true feelings for any reason will undergo the feelings of cognitive dissonance. Matz and Wood are explaining the same thing but showing how people can understand cognitive dissonance by holding their opinions and not expressing themselves in fear of going against a group. The disagreement creates negative feelings causing the participant to feel out of place or out of tune. These experiments teach us that not expressing how we feel for any reason whether it’s being paid, persuaded, in fearfulness, we will tend to feel negative emotions. Disagreement will always cause discomfort in turn causing cognitive dissonance. References Chen, M. K. , Risen, J. L. (2010). How choice affects and reflects preferences: revisiting the free-choice paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(4), 573-594. doi: 10. 1037/a0020217 Festinger, L. , Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Hock, R. R. (2008). Forty studies that changed psychology: explorations into the history of psychological research (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Matz, D. C. , Wood, W. (2005). Cognitive dissonance in groups: the consequences of disagreement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(1), 22-37. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 1. 22 Newby-Clark, I. R. , McGregor, I. , Zanna, M. P. (2002). Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: when and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable? Journal of Peronality and Social Psychology, 82(2), 157-166. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 82. 2. 157 Norton, M. I. , Monin, B. , Cooper, J. , Hogg, M. A. (2003). Vicarious dissonance: Attitude change from inconsistency of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(1), 47-62. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 85. 1. 47 Push, S. D. , Groth, M. , Hennig-Thurau, T. (2011) Willing and able to fake emotions: A closer examination of the link between emotional dissonance and employee well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 377-390. doi: 10. 1037/a0021395 Rosenberg, M. J. (1960). Attitude organization and change: An analysis of consistency among attitude components. New Haven: Yale University Press. How to cite Cognitive Dissonance, Papers